Miniature Pinscher breed guide

Dark, slightly oval eyes and high-set ears help bring out a self-possessed, big-dog personality. Miniature Pinschers are very smart and love their families but are independent and may test an owner's limits, so obedience training is a good idea.

Early socialization and training classes help a young one grow up well adjusted.

Miniature Pinschers live 12 to 16 years. Breeders test for patellar luxation, cervical dry disc, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, epilepsy, thyroid problems, heart defects and eye problems.

The short, hard coat is very easily maintained: a weekly once-over with a soft brush or hound glove keeps it shining and grooming sessions help a new dog get used to handling and build the bond with its owner.

Very active and athletic, the Miniature Pinscher needs ample exercise and a couple of good walks every day help its mental and physical health. It enjoys the sofa with its owner but is equally eager to chase tennis balls or run and play.

Experts say Miniature Pinschers go back several centuries, but the exact origin is murky. Breed historians accept that Miniature Pinschers are a cross of the Dachshund and Italian Greyhound, with the German Pinscher a possible component.

Because of similar names and contours, many people wrongly assume Miniature Pinschers are miniature Dobermans. They routinely rank at or near the top of Europe's favorite toy dogs.